Urban pluvial flood modelling is challenging due to the complex urban landscape and drainage
processes. Due to the quick response times of urban areas to rainfall, urban flood forecasting
requires rapid models that ideally also have some level of accuracy. This can not be achieved by our
conventional models. Therefore, the main question of this project is: How to provide timely flood
warnings in cities in response to increased flood risks due to climate change? This project will
contribute to this topic with a focus on developing high-resolution, deep learning enhanced urban
drainage models to improve flood forecasting and provide early warnings.

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Samen Sterk/Stronger Together aims to enhance flood protection in the Dutch lower rivers area threatened by rising sea levels. The key innovation is the addition of the Holland Barrier alongside the existing Maeslant Barrier, rather than replacing it as per current policy. This dual barrier system significantly reduces the risk of failure, lowers water levels, improves water management on the south side, and allows for continuous barrier operation during maintenance. This approach saves costs on dike improvements, maintains vital sea connections for shipping and ecology, and promotes future waterfront development, including unembanked port industry, offices, housing, and more.

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During high flows events, debris (e.g. driftwood, plastic, rubble, etc.) are likely to accumulate at riverine bridge piers. Recent research has acknowledged the negative consequences of debris accumulations at bridge piers on bridge stability, hydraulic capacity and therefore on inundation dynamics. More specifically, the accumulated debris may causes an increase of the water velocity, with consequences on hydrodynamic phenomena (e.g. scour); moreover, the clogging also causes backwater level rise, with consequences on the surroundings (e.g. embankment failures, overflow). During the 2021 floods in Belgium, Germany and Netherlands, many bridges suffered from debris accumulation. Currently, satellite imagery have been shown to capture debris accumulation (e.g. Panici et al., 2020) in given locations and for several years, but this technology has not been explored yet. 

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When designing hydraulic structures, foundations (or parts of) are located in open channels (like bridge piers) or in the sea (like offshore wind foundations). The structures influence the motion of the water around them, and in combination with erodible beds, the resulting sediment transport gradients could lead to local erosion (scour) around the base of the foundation. Scour can lead to structural failure and needs to be managed. Knowing the depth, extent and time development of scour holes at the base of foundations is crucial for the design of the foundation: the information can be used to determine if extending the foundation depth is a viable option, or if designing a scour protection is a more cost-efficient option. Assessing scour hole development is, in general, not a trivial task. Especially for milder conditions, where the external forcing does not often exceed the threshold of motion, we often see a huge bandwidth of possible scour depths with current approaches, likely related to uncertainty in the threshold of motion of sand, in combination with the threshold of scour development around a structure. Uncertainty related to natural variation of the alluvial bed, fluctuation in conditions and simply uncertainty in scour assessment methods further adds up to the great variation in assessing scour depths.

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In recent years, the concept of Digital Twins has gained remarkable traction across various sectors, revolutionizing how we understand and manage natural and human (complex) systems. A Digital Twin is a virtual representation of a physical entity, with a typical “twinning” connection where real-world data inform the virtual model, and vice versa outputs from the virtual model inform decisions in the real world. One of the areas where this technology holds immense potential is Civil engineering, and in particular catchment management. By developing a Digital Twin for catchments, we can gain valuable insights into the hydrological and ecological dynamics, leading to more informed decisions and practices around flood management, water resources, water quality and beyond.

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The Netherlands is a front runner in the field of hydraulic engineering. The design of our dikes, locks, sluices and barriers can be considered as the most advanced worldwide. The department of Hydraulic and Ecological Engineering of Rijkswaterstaat deals with the preparation and supervision of complex infrastructural projects and programmes nationwide. Large projects such as the redevelopment of Meuse river (Maaswerken), Lock improvement program and the renovation of the Afsluitdijk are some examples.

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In the Netherlands, historically much has been invested in flood prevention. However, there has been little focus on preparation before and during a flood. Without plans for preparedness and emergency management, floods can extensively disrupt the regular functioning of the healthcare system. The floods in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium in July 2021 revealed what the consequences could be, and that we need to better prepare healthcare facilities, even during a shortlived flood. For example, the VieCurie Medical Centre in Venlo had to evacuate more than 200 patients due to an anticipated flood threat, whereas some elderly homes were flooded and evacuation of their vulnerable patients completed although flooded. This experience indicates the potential lack of awareness and preparedness of healthcare facilities to flood risk.

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